It is argued by some sociologists that there is a significant cultural difference between middle-class and working-class pupils (because of cultural deprivation). One aspect of this is said to be that working-class pupils expect immediate gratification, whereas middle-class pupils understand the benefits of deferred gratification. The impact of this is that working-class pupils prefer to leave school as soon as they can and get a job while middle-class pupils will delay paid employment in order to attain higher qualifications and get higher-paid occupations as a result. This approach blames working-class families themselves for differential achievement by social class. This idea is particularly associated with the sociologist Sugarman (1970).