Some examples of spillover effects might include:

• The environmental consequences of the production or consumption of a good or service, such as pollution or habitat destruction
• The social consequences of the production or consumption of a good or service, such as increased crime or improved public health
• The economic consequences of the production or consumption of a good or service, such as job creation or economic growth
• The cultural consequences of the production or consumption of a good or service, such as changes to traditions or values

Spillover effects can have significant impacts on individuals, communities, and the environment, and can often be addressed through policy measures such as taxes, subsidies, or regulations. These measures can help to internalize the spillover effects and encourage more sustainable and responsible economic activity.

The secondary, often unintentional, benefits of an economic action or policy. In public investments, these effects may include innovation, increased private sector investment, and broader economic development beyond the initial scope.